Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs Modal Verbs Modal Verbs By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders when the term â€Å"modal verb† began to be applied to the following helping verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would. Writes the reader: When I was young, no teacher or college professor whose subject was English ever mentioned modal with respect to verbs.   So, whats with the modal stuff?   Modal seems to me to be nothing more than a current trend.   Can you tell whence and when modal sprang into being? Like this reader, I went a very long time before hearing these helping verbs called â€Å"modals.† The first time I heard the term was in graduate school- and I’d taught high school English for several years before going there. The Ngram Viewer shows the existence of â€Å"modal verbs† in printed books as early as 1848, but the term’s use begins to soar in the 1960s. The earliest OED citations for â€Å"modal verbs† in the context of grammar are dated 1933, the year that saw the publication of an influential textbook based on structural linguistics: Language, by Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949). The importance of structural linguistics declined in the 1950s and 1960s as Chomsky’s theory of â€Å"generative grammar† displaced it, but the term â€Å"modal verbs† remained popular. Modal verbs are also called modals, modal auxiliary verbs, and modal auxiliaries. These helping verbs are used to show if the speaker believes something is certain, probable or possible (or not). For example: I may be able to travel to Tulsa with you. Must you contradict everything I say? Will my car be ready by this afternoon? Modals are also used to talk about ability, to ask permission, to make a request or an offer, and so on. For example: He could not lift the weight. May I go with my friends to the mall? As for being a â€Å"current trend,† the term may have been a trend in the 1960s, but after half a century, modal verbs are in the day-to-day grammar lexicon to stay. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects36 Poetry TermsHow often is "bimonthly"?

A Biography Of The John Marshall, 4th Chief Justice Of The United States

A Biography Of The John Marshall, 4th Chief Justice Of The United States John Marshall: Life and Legacy Before John Marshall, the most basic responsibilities of the judicial system did not exist. In fact, justices could not even overturn blatantly unconstitutional laws. With Marshall, however, everything changed. Through his tenure as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall established the ground rules for the new American government by strengthening the judicial branch and bringing forth the equal three branches of government essential to American politics. Great men often rose from the humblest of beginnings, and John Marshall was no exception. He was born in a log cabin in Germantown, Virginia, on September 24, 1755, the first of fifteen children born to Thomas Marshall and Mary Keith. He was not the only member of his family to rise to greatness; his brother James served as judge for the Circuit Court of Washington, D.C., his brothers Keith, William, and Charles were lawyers, and his cousin Humphrey became a U.S. senator for Kentucky. As a child, Marshall’s education was formative to his future. He was homeschooled by his father for most of his childhood, cultivating a love of classical and contemporary literature that would aid him in his future endeavors. At the age of fourteen, he was sent to Campbell Academy in Washington, where he attended class with future president James Monroe. From 1775 to 1780, Marshall served in the Continental Army, initially as a lieutenant and eventually as a captain; his admiration of his comman der George Washington grew, especially after they endured the harsh winter at Valley Forge together. After the war he studied law at the College of William and Mary and was admitted to the bar in 1780. He began a legal practice by defending clients against British creditors, which prepared him for the long legal and political career he had in front of him. Marshall’s political career was long indeed, and was crucial in forming the newly independent America. It began in 1782 when he won a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates, a position he would return to in later years. He began to prepare himself for his future as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1785 when he became a city recorder, where one of his duties was to preside over small court cases. Marshall made a name for himself as a fair, intelligent man who ruled based on the common good (Life and Legacy). A few years later, his reputation earned him a role in Virginia’s convention to ratify the United States Constitution; he then used his popularity to encourage others to ratify the Constitution and won by a narrow margin (Britannica). Shortly after this, he turned down several positions such as U.S. Attorney General and minister to France in favor of continuing his private law practice, which was flourishing at the time. In 1798, however, he accepted the re quest of President John Adams to participate as an envoy in the diplomatic mission that later became known as the XYZ affair. Along with Elbridge Gerry and Charles Pinckney, Marshall was sent to France in an attempt to restore harmony between the United States and France, specifically to stop French attacks on American ships. The three men were to meet with the Foreign Minister, the Marquis de Talleyrand, but instead were greeted by several mediators known anonymously as X, Y, and Z. The French agreed to stop the attacks in exchange for an agreement to pay American merchant claims against the French and give a large amount of money to the Marquis. This resulted in a Cold War-like conflict between France and America and culminated in the formal severance of any official alliances with the United States (history.state.gov). During this time, Marshall had been elected Secretary of State and conducted the negotiations that led to America’s continuing isolationism. He served as Se cretary of State for about a year and was then appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, after the first Chief Justice John Jay declined reappointment. Marshall was sworn in on February 4th, 1801, which marked the end of his political career and opened his long and successful legal career. Marshall served as Chief Justice for thirty-four years, the longest tenure of any chief justice, and in this time established the ground rules of American government (Smith). He ruled on over 1000 decisions, writing the opinions for over half of them. This was a major change in Supreme Court workings; prior to Marshall it was common for each justice to write his own opinion for each case, but Marshall’s court only published one opinion. This practice led to an impression of authority from the Supreme Court, as multiple opinions concerning a new and unexplored body of law created a lack of certainty and trust in both the lawmakers and the law itself (Britannica). Marshall’s court was also known for its unanimity and stability; with only the occasional dissenter, the court was able to rule far more effectively and authoritatively than it had with the previous Chief Justices. Because of the capable manner in which Marshall ran the Supreme Court, he was able to rule on coun tless decisions that shaped the very structure of the American government. Marshall’s most famous ruling, and arguably the most important ruling in Supreme Court history, was with Marbury v. Madison in 1803. The circumstances surrounding this case were complicated (PBS). In the controversial election of 1800, Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson defeated Federalist John Adams, causing a few months of political panic for the largely-Federalist Congress before Jefferson’s inauguration. With the help of the Judiciary Act, Adams created several positions for judges and appointed a large number of justices of the peace and circuit judges in his last days and hours of the Presidency; in fact, this was when Marshall received his appointment to Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Adams did this with the intention of ensuring that the Federalists would remain in power even with a Democratic-Republican president, since judicial positions were typically filled for life. These commissions were not delivered on time, however, and when President Jefferson took office on March 5, 1801, he ordered that James Madison, his secretary of state, could not deliver the remaining commissions, thus invalidating them. William Marbury was one of the appointees whose commission was not delivered and he requested a writ of mandamus from the Supreme Court forcing Madison to deliver the commissions. Marshall’s court considered several questions when determining its ruling: â€Å"Does Marbury have a right to the commission? Does the law grant Marbury a remedy? Does the Supreme Court have the authority to review acts of Congress and determine whether they are unconstitutional and therefore void (lawnix.com)?† were among the most important. It was decided that while Marbury had a right to the commission and the law granted him a remedy, the court could not write a mandamus for him because the Judiciary Act of 1789 which granted that right was directly contradicted by the Constitution. By ruling this way, Marshall’s court establishe d that the purpose of the Supreme Court was judicial review; that is, the Supreme Court could nullify laws passed by Congress if they were found to be unconstitutional. This important ruling gave the Supreme Court a clear purpose and place in the American government. Marbury v. Madison made clear that the Supreme Court would greatly influence the laws in America, and Marshall kept true to this promise (PBS). In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the United States, the success of which caused state banks to resent it when they began to fail in the depression of 1818. Maryland targeted the Bank by imposing taxes on any non-state bank and sued James McCulloch, cashier for the Bank’s Baltimore branch, when they refused to pay this tax. The Supreme Court ruled in this case that Congress was constitutionally allowed to create the Bank and that Maryland lacked the power to tax it. More importantly, it ruled that Congress had implied powers, meaning if the desired end result is constitutional, Congress was allowed to implement any means to achieve that goal, as long as it was not explicitly prohibited in the Constitution. This ruling on McCulloch v. Maryland, combined with Marbury v. Madison, set the stage for the Supreme Court to make many important decisions over the next two centuries. Marshall’s rulings, particularly Marbury v. Madison, have left an important legacy that has been utilized by Supreme Court even until the present day. After Marshall’s court, the next time the Supreme Court declared a federal law unconstitutional was with Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857. The issue to be ruled on in this case was whether Dred Scott, a slave, was still considered a slave after spending time in a free state (PBS). Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that Scott remained a slave, citing Marbury v. Madison by declaring the Missouri Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional. A more modern example of utilizing judicial review would be Obergefell v. Hodges, the case in which same-sex marriage was legalized nationally in June 2015. The Supreme Court redefined â€Å"marriage† to be extended to same-sex couples. While the argument can be made that these rulings were immoral or simply wrong, the Supreme Court upheld its responsibility for judicial review, instituted by Marshall. Practically since its inception, Marbury v. Madison has been used to overturn unconstitutional laws. John Marshall’s court changed the American government. Marbury v. Madison chiefly provided a purpose for the Supreme Court; the inception of judicial review permitted the court to overturn any unconstitutional acts of Congress and paved the way for a society grounded in the laws on which it was founded. This brought the judicial branch up to the same level as the executive and legislative branches, creating the three-branch system for which the United States was known. His other rulings, such as McCulloch v. Maryland, created other powers for the government, such as implied powers for Congress. Overall, Marshall’s rulings allowed for a fairer America no longer subject to the whims of the elected officials, but rather one that followed the laws upon which it was founded in 1776.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 49

Discussion - Essay Example An accountant must consider the unique aspects of the two classifications in order to capture all the expenses and revenues in order to enhance the accuracy of the balance sheets among other financial documents in an organization. Adjusting entries is an important undertaking in bookkeeping since it helps document every event that takes place in the organization. They help consolidate the accounts balances and bring them to the last day of the financial period. Such is a vital undertaking that helps in reconciling the financial books. Additionally, adjusting entries helps record the cost of doing business. Through adjusting entries, the financial records will show the activities that occurred instead of the transfer of money. This helps present the activities associated with doing business since they influence the cost of doing business in an economy (Warren, James and Jonathan 67). Such accounts as Accounts receivable and the income account are always adjusted depending on the movement of money in the business. Such are the adjusted entries since the movement of money in the company influences their outlook. Unadjusted entries, on the other hand, refer to money that remains unchanged despite the movement of money in the financial period. Such accounts as starting capital inherited from the closing accounts. The amount remains unchanged by the movement of money in the fiscal period. Adjusting entries is a hectic process that requires an accountant to pay close attention to the movement of money in a business. The fact that the process occurs at the end of a financial period makes it confusing and difficult since an account must refer to all the financial books within the period in order to understand the movement of cash. This makes the process hectic. While the relationship between debit and credit is natural, it remains difficult to identify the accounts to either

Illegally evidence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Illegally evidence - Case Study Example Within this framework consideration will be given of the factors that judges have taken into account when deciding whether or not to exclude such evidence. This will involve looking at policy issues in relation to the use of illegally obtained evidence in order to reach a conclusion as to whether in general terms the courts will opt to include or exclude such evidence. In reaching a decision as to the uniformity of the application of this discretion consideration will be given to whether changes that have occurred with regard to the rights of the suspect under the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 have impacted on the admissibility of such evidence. Although there have been many changes in the law with regard to the use of evidence that has been illegally obtained many judges still use the case of R v Sang [1980]1 as a yardstick by which to measure whether evidence such be excluded. In this case Lord Diplock commented that "(1) A trial judge in a criminal trial has always a discretion to refuse to admit evidence if in his opinion its prejudicial effect outweighs its probative value. (2) Save with regard to admissions and confessions and generally with regard to evidence obtained from the accused after commission of the offence, he has no discretion to refuse to admit relevant admissible evidence on the ground that it was obtained by improper or unfair means."(at p 437) In this case In this case the court following the comments made by Lord Diplock concluded that the judge would have no power to exclude the evidence on the basis that it had been obtained through the use of an agent provocateur2. In many ways the decision whether or not to exclude illegally obtained evidence seems to centre on fairness. Sang remains as an authority of the rules on the exclusion of evidence as was demonstrated in the case of R v Nadir [1993]3 where Lord Taylor CJ said that if a judge "considers evidence the Crown wish to lead would have an adverse effect on the fairness of the trial, he can exclude it under s 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984....He also has a general discretion to exclude evidence which was preserved by s.82(3) of the 1984 Act which would allow the judge to exclude evidence he considers more prejudicial than probative." In the later case of R v Khan [1994] 4 All ER 4264, Lord Taylor seemed to change his opinion of the use of Sang as an authority stating that "Since, on any view, the discretion conferred on the judge by s 78 is at least as wide as that identified in R v Sang it is only necessary to consider the question of the exercise of discretion under s 78 - which is what the judge did." In general terms although the judge has the discretion to be able to rule the evidence as inadmissible it is more common for the courts to allow the evidence to be adduced. Many judges are of the opinion that the effect of s78 does not make very much difference to the cases brought before the court as most judges seem to decide in favour of inclusion rather then exclusion of such evidence as was the case of R v Mason [1987]5 and in the subsequent case of R v Samuel [1988]6. Mason was later quashed on appeal when it was discovered that the only real evidence against the defendant was the confession and that this had been obtained by telling the defendant that his fingerprints had been found

Essay --

Introduction Children of the 21st century are facing brand new health challenges. We are witnessing epidemic levels of new childhood disorders within the most recent generation of U.S. children. These children are also experiencing a higher percentage of familiar diseases and disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, asthma, attention-deficit diagnoses, intestinal problems, and even mental disorders, than any other generation of the past. There is certainly a health crisis in America, one that can make or break the very foundation of our health as a nation of capable citizens. As our country prepares to launch the Affordable Care Act, with the government entering into managing part of the health care industry, the time is now to take matters into our own hands to ensure the well-being of our families. America’s kids are in a full-blown crisis; they are under attack, losing out on their quality of life before they can even enter adulthood. The U.S. infant mortality rate has worsened significantly. In 2009, the mortality rate ranking dropped from 28th in the world to 41st in the world. More of our children are dying during the first four weeks of life than ever before. At 4.3 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births, the U.S. now shares the 41st spot with Croatia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. There is a huge rise in the number of children affected with these conditions: ADD/ADHD, autism, asthma, digestive problems, and anxiety and general â€Å"mood disorders.† A report released in 2012 revealed that one in every 54 boys in the U.S. has been diagnosed with autism, and the number of children with autism is expected to double every five years. A health epidemic is no longer on the horizon; clear evidence reveals that it is here... ... quickly, and his coloring is healthy, not pallid and grey. He thinks more clearly and sleeps more deeply. He is no longer malnourished. He is relaxed, and he smiles a lot. Had no one corrected the core problem, the allergy to wheat, the boy would’ve been facing a lifetime of discomfort and crippled health. A proper diet is critically important for the body’s rapid growth that occurs throughout each year of childhood, when a person is developing the intricate systems that must last them for a lifetime. You can easily establish a solid base of well-being for your child, knowing that this gift will last them for a lifetime. Even during such challenging and busy times, the solution for optimum wellness is within your reach, you just need to know where to start. It’s time to build them up! You’ve got the power and the ability to change the world, one child at a time.

Survey of Mathematical Methods

One of the most important things a buyer must do before making a purchase is to review any and all of the statistical research on a product. According to Bluman (2005), Statistical research is used to provide knowledge and information in order to enable us to make intelligent decisions about our health and welfare† (p. 680). Although this information is very important to us, we must also be skeptical of the results. There are many types when the results cannot be reliable. According to Bluman (2005), â€Å"statistics can be misrepresented in the following ways: Suspect Samples, Ambiguous Averages, Detached Statistics, Implied Connections, Misleading Graphs, Faulty Survey Questions, Asking Biased Questions, Using Confusing Words, Asking Doubled-Barreled Questions, and Using Double Negatives† (p. 680-685). The following are example of misuses of statistics. 4. In many ads for weight loss products, under the product claims and in small print, the following statement is made: â€Å"These results are not typical. What does this say about the product being advertised? Detached Statistics and/or Implied Connections. This statement is telling the buyer that the results for some will not be the same results for all. In many ways, the results that are shown on the product could be exaggerated in order to get buyers to buy the product. The reason those words are included now days are because of new guidelines by the Federal Trade Commission. In the end, i t is basically telling the buyer not to expect the results. Furthermore, there are no results shown on the label to compare it to. 14. â€Å"How often do you run red lights? † Asking biased questions and/or faulty survey questions. The reason this question might lead to an erroneous conclusion is because it is taken into consideration that someone has a driver’s license. It can be asked in order to manipulate the overall results. If you were to answer the question, you could be opening yourself up to admitting guilt or showing that it is a common practice for you. The two above assignment question are examples of misuses of statistics. They can both be taken in many different ways. It is very important to ensure that you read each and every label and/or question very carefully. If you do not, you risk buying or answer something that may end up getting you in trouble or wasting money. This assignment was very informative for me to complete because it gave me better insight into the misuse of statistics. I will continue to use this information throughout my educational experiences.

The Role of Fashion Trends on the Day to Day Life of People

It’s usually all over the place, in the magazines, on the internet, T.V shows, and even while walking down the streets, you’re assured to encounter it. What else would it be, other than fashion trends that everyone is talking about? Fashion trends have always been playing an important role in many people’s day to day life and they are considered to be the latest style of clothing, hair or decoration that is developing and popular at a given time . Fashion trends have drastically evolved as time has passed and many looks have popped up in different eras. For instance, the swimming suit has evolved since the eighteenth century, where they were called bathing gowns and made out of fabric that covered the entire body .However, in the nineteenth century, this swimming suit became rather a shorter one, covering the female’s body from the shoulders all the way down to the knees. It is in the late twentieth century where the two-piece swimming suit, now called the bikini, became common. Fashion trends, however, can be compared to a circle, where we notice that some of the old trends have made their comeback .Some of these trends include the skinny jeans, crop tops, thigh-high boots, large hoop earrings, the Bob haircut, tie dye, and big purses. While clothing was once a simple human necessity used for warmth and modesty ,fashion trends have come a long way, now playing an important in people’s everyday life, allowing them to create an outlet to show off their creativity byShow MoreRelatedFashion Is A Big Part Of Society And It Is Indispensable For Us1208 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Fashion is a big part of society and it is indispensable for us. Without fashion our life have no tastes because fashion has a lot of possibilities of changing our life. According to The Telegraph, A spokesman for clothes giant Matalan which polled 2,491 women and was based on 16 to 60 age. They found that women spend an average 16 minutes deciding what to wear on every morning and 14 minutes on weekend in front of their closet. You just did not notice that our life is influenced byRead More1920s Fashion Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pages1920s Fashion In the 1920s, fashion trends were the shorter low-waisted dresses and revealing styles worn by flappers. With their short-bobbed hairstyles and cloche hats, down to scarves and stocking with bold. The 1920s fashion strikes the design era for fashion by having change in the women’s fashion. The fashion changed and characterized the women in the 1920s, as they called it the roaring twenties the women started gaining their free rights and independence. Fashion for women had a positiveRead MoreFlappers, Conservativism and Changes in Fashion1103 Words   |  4 Pageshave been many fads and changes in the fashion industry. 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